Created in 1856 and addressed by Said to his enslaver, the manuscript contains an Islamic blessing and two biblical texts: the 51st psalm and the Lord’s Prayer.

 
A document recently acquired by the University Libraries is contributing to scholars’ understanding of the life of Omar ibn Said, a 19th-century enslaved Islamic scholar. Said, kidnapped from West Africa and enslaved in North Carolina, was renowned for his Arabic writings.
The newly acquired manuscript, created in 1856, is a document addressed by Said to his enslaver, James Owen. It contains an Islamic blessing and two biblical texts: the 51st psalm and the Lord’s Prayer.

Eighteen examples of similar documents written by Said are currently known. According to John Blythe, assistant curator of the North Carolina Collection, the item is the first to come to light in many years. The Library has digitized the manuscript, now part of the North Carolina Collection at the Wilson Special Collections Library, and shared it online.
The document includes notations by other people who have handled it. According to Carl Ernst, William R. Kenan Jr. Distinguished Professor of religious studies in the College of Arts & Sciences, one of them appears to be General George McClellan, who later became famous as a Union general during the Civil War. McClellan may have been given the document at a hot springs resort that the Owen family visited.
The manuscript “shows the way in which religion and racism were deeply intertwined in the slavery institution in America,” says Ernst, who is the co-author of a forthcoming book about Said titled “I Cannot Write My Life.” Understanding the document, and the context of its creation, requires knowing something about Said’s life.

Who was Omar ibn Said?

The biographical details of Omar ibn Said’s life are somewhat fragmentary, says Ernst, although Said left behind a slim autobiography and was the subject of newspaper coverage during his lifetime.

Scholars agree that Said studied Islam for 25 years in seminaries in what is now Senegal. According to Ernst, Said’s writings reveal an intimate familiarity with Arabic poetry, Islamic theological literature, law, and grammar, in addition to other subjects.
Said was kidnapped, taken across the Atlantic, and sold into slavery in the United States in 1807. He ended up enslaved by James Owen, a politician and plantation owner in eastern North Carolina.
But other facts of Said’s life have been distorted by the historical record. Contemporary newspaper accounts handed down a narrative that scholars now reject. Those accounts insisted that Said had no desire to return to Africa after his kidnapping, that he was content with his enslaved status and that he converted to Christianity.
The biblical passages Said rendered in Arabic were once proffered as evidence of his conversion.
According to Ernst, “This narrative was designed as a defense of slavery. It is false. We know that in his very first document that he wrote in 1819 he asks to return to Africa. And the repeated statement that he never wanted to do so is obviously false. So, what we are faced with is a situation where people wanted to take over the story of his life and use it for the defense of slavery.”

Text, meaning and ‘the limits of the archive’

How should modern readers interpret this manuscript, which contains theological passages from two religions?
Ernst theorizes that the Owen family often asked Said to write a biblical text in Arabic as a curiosity for other members of the Southern elite. Said would oblige, sometimes including a Quranic text, possibly unbeknownst to his English-speaking company.
Yasmine Flodin-Ali, a Carolina graduate student who studies race and Islam in the U.S. says these documents provoke questions: “Did Omar directly tell someone, hey, this is X, Y, Z? Or did people not really care what he was saying and just choose to interpret the documents as they wanted to?”
Said was one of a few known enslaved Muslims from Africa who left documents, but “ultimately it’s impossible to know” what percent of the enslaved population in the U.S. were Muslim, says Flodin-Ali. “The fact is that their complex histories and backgrounds were not of interest to slave owners.”
Flodin-Ali points out that nearly all the records related to enslaved people survived because they were preserved by their enslavers. As a result, our picture of their lives is incomplete. “There’s all this work that was written directly by [Said], so trying to analyze that and think about what are the limits of the archive, what can the archive tell us, has been really exciting.”

Part of our history

The newly acquired manuscript adds to the number of texts Omar quotes in his writings, opening new avenues for scholarly analysis. But the document also holds lessons for non-specialists for several reasons, according to Ernst. For one, it illustrates the presence of Islam as a religion and Arabic as a language in the American South in the earliest part of American history.
Said’s relationship to a prominent North Carolina family is also noteworthy: James Owen’s brother John was a governor of North Carolina and a trustee of UNC for 20 years.
And locally, Said’s story is part of our history, says Flodin-Ali. “It’s so direct. He’s in Fayetteville, he’s in Wilmington in parts of his life.”

Said in the collections and beyond

This document joins other materials related to Omar ibn Said in Wilson Library, including two photographs of Said. Some of these materials were loaned to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2017 for the museum’s Slavery and Freedom exhibition. A guide created by North Carolina research and instruction librarian Sarah Carrier points to Said-related materials in Wilson Library, as well as those in other libraries.
Taken together, the materials “broaden our picture of enslaved individuals,” says Blyth
 
Emily Jack, University Libraries
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